재해 리스크 관리론(Disaster Risk Management)

코로나 19시대에 가족 건강을 지켜주는 가이드 [코로나 19에서 살아남기]

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자연재해로 발생한 피해의 증가는 우리나라뿐만 아니라 전 세계적으로 나타나는 공통된 현상이며, 매년 전 세계의 경제적 손실은 크게 증가시키고 있다(UN, 2009).
기후적인 원인에 의해 발생한 강우와 강우를 재해로 발전시킬 수 있는 취약한 여건이 결합하여 재해를 발생시키고 이것이 정부의 구조적이거나 비구조적인 저감정책들의 실패로 수해취약지역에 거주하는 사람들이 재해에 노출되게 된다. 결국, 재해는 기상․기후학적인 자연적 요소와 인간이라는 인문적 요소, 토지이용이라는 물리적 요소, 정부의 정책으로 대표되는 방재적 요소가 복합적인 상호작용을 이루면서 만들어 지는 복합현상이라고 볼 수 있다(최충익, 2004).
사람들이 재해를 겪으면, 주택을 수리하거나 재건축하는 등 피해 복구에 큰 돈을 지출하게 되기 때문에 일상적으로 지출해야 할 다른 지출이 불가능해져 빚을 지거나 경제적 곤궁상태에 빠지게 된다. 예를 들어, 고등학교 이상의 학교에 재학 중인 학생을 자녀로 둔 경우에는 많은 학비지출 때문에 경제력이 더욱 어려워지고,
이 때문에 자녀들의 진로가 바뀌는 경우도 발생한다. 이러한 상황에서, 빈곤한 사람들은 그렇지 않은 사람들에 비해 재해에 영향을 더욱 심하게 받는다. 자기 집이 없는 세입자들이나 남의 땅에 무허가로 집을 지어 살고 있는 사람들, 심지어 공공건물의 부속 시설에서 무상으로 거주하는 사람들의 경우, 대규모 자연 재해를 맞게되면 일시에 주거가 불안정해지고, 재해를 복구하는 과정과 그 이후에 엄청난 경제적 어려움을 맞게 된다(전국재해구호협회, 2006).
빈곤한 사람들은 그렇지 않은 사람들에 비해 더욱 자연 재해에 취약하다고 볼 수 있고, 이러한 취약한 사람들은 재해가 발생했을 때 더 많은 영향을 받으며, 이러한 취약한 사람들의 취약성은 국가, 도시, 지역사회, 사회계층, 성별에 따라 다양하게 나타난다(Yodmani, 2001).
빈곤층, 즉 취약한 계층에 있는 사람들의 취약성(vulnerability)은 재해 관리(disaster management)의 주요한 요소이다. 재해들은 자연적인 현상에 의해서 발생한다기 보다는 자연적, 사회적, 경제적인 각종 리스크들이 장기간 동안 관리되지 않았기 때문에 발생한다고 볼 수 있다(Yodmani, 2001).
자연적인 해저드들과 관련된 재해가 사람들에게 가장 많은 피해를 주고 있다. 일반적으로 재해는 자연적인 해저드와 사람들의 활동들이 복잡하게 얽혀서 발생한다.

열악한 사회적, 경제적, 정치적인 과정들은 극한적인 자연현상 발생시 취약한 계층에 있는 사람들을 더욱 취약하게 만들 수 있다.
지역에 해저드가 발생하면 지역의 취약요인들과의 상호작용에 의해서 재해가 발생하게 된다. 이러한 취약요인들을 사전에 찾아내고 취약요인을 보완하는 것이 재해를 감소시킬 수 있는 길이며, 또한 재해가 발생했을 때, 신속히 대처하고, 의료․ 생활필수품들과 같은 절대 필요한 부분들에 대한 지원과, 재해발생에 따른 각종 위험요인들을 제거하는 것이 재해를 감소시킬 수 있는 길이다.
취약요인과 능력요인의 효과적인 관리는 재해를 줄일 수 있도록 하는데, 이러한 취약요인과 능력요인에는 어떠한 요인들이 있으며, 이들 요인들의 관리방안에는 어떠한 방안들이 있는지 알아보고자 하는 것이 재해 리스크 관리론의 목적이다.

 

차      례

                 제1장 개념정의 ······································································································· 1
                    1. 재해(disaster) ····································································································· 1
                    2. 리스크(risk) ········································································································3
                    3. 해저드(hazard) ···································································································5
                   4. 취약성(vulnerability) ·························································································9
                   5. 능력(capacity) ··································································································23

               제2장 재해 리스크 모델과 단계별 활동 ·······················································24
                   1. 재해 리스크 모델 ·····························································································24
                   2. 재해 리스크 관리의 의미 ················································································29
                   3. 재해 리스크 관리요인 ·····················································································33
                   4. 재해 리스크 관리 사이클의 단계별 활동 ······················································34

              제3장 재해 리스크 분석 요인------------------------------------------39
                 1. 취약요인 ···········································································································39
                 2. 능력요인 ···········································································································51
                 3. 재해규모 ···········································································································62

              제4장 재해 리스크 실증적 분석 ······································································64
                1. 연도별 요인 변동현황 ·····················································································64
                2. 재해에 영향을 미치는 독립변수의 영향력 검토 ···········································73

             제5장 재해 리스크 관리방안 ········································································ 123

               1. 법․제도 관리 측면 ······················································································ 124
               2. 재원 관리 측면 ····························································································· 128
               3. 요인별 관리 측면 ························································································· 131

          <참고문헌> ····························································································································158

 

 

재해 리스크 관리론-20130116.pdf

 

 

 

재해 리스크 관리론-20130116.pdf

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