Disaster Risk Management Focus on Vulnerability

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Climate change is expected to hit
developing countries the hardest. Its
effects-higher temperatures, changes in
precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, and
more frequent weather-related disasters -
pose risks for agriculture, food, and water
supplies. At stake are recent gains in fight
against poverty, hunger and disease, and the
lives and livelihoods of billions of people in
developing countries.
The earth's surface is warming. The
temperature increase since the late 1800s
may seem small-0.74 degrees Celsius-but the
impact on people is likely to be profound.
The impact will be even greater as
temperatures continue rising, by as much as
6.4 degrees Celsius by 2100. As temperatures
rise, weather patterns shift with potentially
catastrophic consequences, especially for the
world's poor.1)
In many regions of the world the threat of

natural events such as volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes and tsunamis, hurricanes and
tornadoes extreme rainfall, droughts or forest
fires are permanently present. People living
in these regions are exposed to these natural
hazards, but they may be able to prevent
them having grave consequences (e.g.
earthquake-resistant building, a dyke or a
good insurance policy). People who are
unable to protect themselves sufficiently
against the adverse effects of a natural event
are particularly 'vulnerable' to disaster. The
disaster risk (of a region, a family, or a
person) is therefore made up of two
elements: hazard and vulnerability.
The following formula is used to calculate
disaster risk: Disaster Risk = Hazard x
Vulnerability
In this equation risk is the product of the
two factors, hazard and vulnerability.
Therefore, it is clear that a risk exists only
if there is vulnerability to the hazard posed
by a natural event. For instance, a family
living in a highly earthquake-resistant house

would not be vulnerable to an earthquake of
6 on the Richter scale. So, they would not
be at risk. If the hazard approaches zero,
because, for example, buildings have been
constructed in areas far away from
continental plate subduction zones and
tectonic faults, a house built with minimum
precautions will be a safe place for the
family, because they would only be
vulnerable to very extreme events.
Risk identification starts with identifying
the hazard and then assesses the
correspond-ing vulnerability, i.e. the possible
repercussions in the event a natural
phenomenon should occur.
This report is an analytical review of
disaster risk, hazard, vulnerability and risk
management.
Natural hazards may be regarded as one
of the most manageable of all environmental
problems. This is because scientific and
technological advances have made it possible
to identify natural hazard risks in real time
and reduce their impact. Appropriate
mitigation measures are readily available and
it has been demonstrated that benefits of
vulnerability reduction greatly outweigh the
disaster costs. Improved warning and
evacuation systems have cut the death toll of
hurricanes and hydro-geologic hazard events
dramatically. Structural and non-structural
mitigation measures have been shown to
alleviate the effects of earthquakes,
landslides, floods, and droughts (OAS Primer,
1991).
In this paper we focus on disasters in

relation to natural hazards because that is
the way most people perceive them. Many
'disasters'(as termed by outsiders or
perceived by the affected people
themselves)are usually a complex mix of
natural hazards and human action.
This paper is largely focused on
redressing the balance in assessing the
'causes' of such disasters away from the
dominant view that natural processes are
most significant. The relative contributions of
geophysical and biological precesses, on the
one hand, and social, economic, and political
processes, on the other, varies from disaster
to disaster. Furthermore, human activities
can modify physical and biological events,
sometimes at many kilometers' distance or
many years later(e.g. the introduction by
people of a new seed or animal, or the
substitution of one form of architecture with
other less safe ones). Social, economic, and
political processes are themselves often
modified by a disaster in ways that make
some people more vulnerable to an extreme
event in the future. The 'natural' and
'human' are so inextricably bound together
in almost all disaster situations, especially
when viewed in enlarged time and space
framework, that disasters cannot be
understood to be 'natural' in any
straightforward way.
The aim of the paper has been two fold;
one is to know a disaster risk, including
vulnerability and hazard, the other is to
know how to reduce the disaster risk.

 

 

Disaster Risk Management Focus on Vulnerability-10년 중국발표자료.pdf

 

Disaster Risk Management Focus on Vulnerability-10년 중국발표자료.pdf

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